PI简介：Douglas W. Yu, 博士，中科院昆明动物研究所生态与环境保护中心（ECEC）首席科学家。ECEC目前主要关注两方面的研究内容：①保护生物学和对热带森林保护的方针、政策；②互利共栖的演化。在第一个领域中，我们建立了新的方法，用其评估亚马逊河流域森林中对脊椎动物狩猎的影响。在第二个领域内，我们阐明了榕树－榕小蜂以及蚂蚁－植物之间合作的稳定机制。现在，我们组织了一个大型的合作团队，目的是借助经济信息原理更好地了解物种间的合作。我们的研究涉及到野外实验和观察，同时也将和数学生物学家一起建立数据驱动的模型。

E-mail: dougwyu@gmail.com

物种间合作的演化（互利共栖）

榕树和榕小蜂：榕小蜂对榕树授粉，但也将卵产于榕树的种子内，于是植物必须采取措施限制小蜂的繁殖。我们用一个模型来解释两者间的互利共栖是如何得以维持的。我们研究发现榕小蜂选择具有高收益的胚珠产卵，它回避榕树外部的胚珠，因为这些胚珠受寄生小蜂攻击的概率更高。这样，榕树外部的胚珠能够变成种子，从而也保证了榕树雌性组成的适合度。另外我们发现，在外部的胚珠上产卵需要花费更多的时间，并且外部胚珠中的雌性后代配对的可能性较小。简言之，我们的研究展示了如何通过第三方物种使得两个物种间的合作得以维持——即便这个第三方物种被认为是寄生的。该结果对许多互利共栖系统有重要的启示作用，因为大多数互利共栖涉及多个物种，其中也包括寄生物种，但是，目前的大多数的理论仅涉及两个物种。现在，我们正在研究在榕树内限制榕小蜂寿命的机制。

经济信息理论：目前，本人及合作者正在尝试建立一个新的互利共栖的理论。该项工作最初开始于蚂蚁－植物之间的互利共栖系统。在蚂蚁-植物的互利合作关系中，植物为蚂蚁提供栖居场所，作为回报，蚂蚁通过巡逻保护植物不被食草动物伤害。我们的实验发现如果植物

的多数叶子都被食草动物采食后，其为蚂蚁栖居的场所就会被毁掉（给蚂蚁的回报与蚂蚁的巡逻努力直接相关。在人类社会中一个类似的例子是学术界的晋升体制，它以发表的论文作为评判科研成果和质量的标准。

经济学领域有一套理论可以解释该类型的交互作用——信息经济学。植物雇用蚁群为其工作，它们和蚁群之间存在一种支付方案，这种方案与人类的雇用合同极为类似。基于上述想法，本人联合了六个国家的专家于2007年共同向欧洲科学基金会（European Science Foundation）提请了一项研究计划(BIOCONTRACT: The Evolution of Cooperation and Trading, www.esf.org/tect)。现在我们正在设计模型，期望能了解宿主何时会对共生体惩罚或奖励？这种惩罚或奖励的“度”是多少？宿主何时能使共生体产生“自我筛选”（selfscreen），使得只有互利共栖的共生体才能进入宿主体内？

在先前的工作中，本人和同事利用蚂蚁－植物的共生关系，建立并首次成功验证了一个物种共存的空间生态学模型。下一步我们将在已有的基础上利用遗传空间结构（spatial genetic structure）推断物种的扩散距离。

 重要成果（Highlights）

2004年以来，5篇最具代表性的论文

1.　　　 * Ohl-Schacherer, J., Shepard Jr., G.H., Kaplan, H., Peres, C.A., Levi, T., Yu, D. W. (2007) The sustainability of hunting by Matsigenka native communities in Manu National Park, Peru. Conservation Biology 21: 1174-1185.(该文章被选为封面文章）

2.　　  * Dunn, D. W., S. T. Segar, J. Ridley, R. Chan, R. H. Crozier, D. W. Yu, and J. M. Cook. (2008a) A role for parasites in stabilising the fig-pollinator mutualism. PloS Biology 6:490-496.(该文章成为Science上的新闻标题 (http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2008/311/2)).　

3.　　  * Edwards, D. P., M. Hassall, W. J. Sutherland and D. W. Yu (2006). Selection for protection in ant-plant mutualism: host sanctions, host modularity, and the principal-agent game. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 273: 595-602.(该文章对成功申请欧洲科学委员会（European Science Foundation）TECT项目有着重要的启示作用。)

4.　　  * Yu, D.W., Wilson, H.B., Frederickson, M.E., Palomino, W., De la Colina, R., Edwards, D.P. & Balareso A.A. (2004a) Experimental demonstration of species coexistence enabled by dispersal limitation. Journal of Animal Ecology 73, 1102-1114. (该文章是Faculty of 1000的推荐文章(http://www.f1000biology.com/guardpages/evaluation/1022217//article/article.asp%253Fid%253D1022217%2526view%253Devaluation%2526style%253D))

5.　　  * Yu, D. W., J. Ridley, E. Jousselin, E. A. Herre, S. G. Compton, J. M. Cook, J. C. Moore, G.D. Weiblen. (2004b) Oviposition strategies, host coercion, and the stable exploitation of figs by wasps. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 271, 1185–1195.(该文章对成功申请英国自然环境研究委员会（UK Natural Environment Research Council）的基金有着重要的启示作用。)

其他2004年以后发表的文章

6.　　  Abraão, M., Shepard, G.H., Nelson, B.W., Baniwa, J. C., Andrello, G., D.W. Yu (in press) Baniwa Vegetation Classification in the White-Sand Campinarana Habitat of the Northwest Amazon. In. Landscape Ethnoecology(eds. L.M. Johnson & E. Hunn).

7.　　  Shepard, G.H., Rummenhoeller, K., Ohl-Schacherer, J., Yu, D.W. (in press) Trouble in Paradise: Indigenous populations, anthropological policies, and biodiversity conservation in Manu National Park, Peru. Journal of Sustainable Forestry.

8.　　  Fisher, B., K. Turner, M. Zylstra, R. Brouwer, R. de Groot, S. Farber, P. Ferraro, R. Green, D. Hadley, J. Harlow, P. Jefferiss, C. Kirkby, P. Morling, S. Mowatt, R. Naidoo, J. Paavola, B. Strassburg, D. W. Yu, and A. Balmford. (2009) Integrating Ecosystem Services and Economic Theory: what can we do, what should we do, and what has been done? Ecological Applications18: 2050-2067.

9.　　  Edwards, D.P. and Yu, D.W. Tolerating castration by hiding flowers in plain sight. (2008) Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 63: 95-102.

10. Abraão, M., Baniwa, J.C., Nelson, B.W., Andrello, G., Yu, D.W. & Shepard, G.H. (2008) Ethnobotanical Ground-Truthing of Baniwa Landscape Knowledge in the White-Sand Campinarana Forests of the Upper Rio Negro, Brazil.  Journal of Biogeography 35: 2237-2248.

11.　 Dunn, D., Yu, D.W., Ridley, J., Cook, J.M. (2008b) Longevity, size and early emergence in a pollinating fig wasp– implications for the stability of the fig-pollinator mutualism. Journal of Animal Ecology 77: 927-935.

12.　 Bush, A.A., Yu, D.W., Herberstein, M.E. (2008) Function of bright colouration in the Wasp Spider Argiope bruennichi (Araneae: Araneidae). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 275: 1337-1342.

13.　 Ohl, J., Mannigel, E., Kirkby, C., Shepard Jr., G.H., Yu, D.W. (2008) Indigenous ecotourism in the Amazon: A case study of ‘Casa Machiguenga’ in Manu National Park, Peru. Environmental Conservation 35: 14-25.

14.　 Yu, D.W., Proulx, S.M., Shepard, G.H. (2008) Masculinity, marriage and the paradox of the lek. pp. 88-107 in The Body Beautiful (eds. V. Swami & A. Furham). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

15.　 Ohl, J., Wezel, A., Shepard Jr., G.H., Yu, D.W. (2007) Swidden agriculture in a human-inhabited protected area: The Matsigenka native communities of Manu National Park, Peru. Environment, Development, and Sustainability10: 827-843.

16.　 Edwards, D.P., R. Arauco, M. Hassall, W. J. Sutherland, K. Chamberlain, L. J. Wadham, and D. W. Yu. (2007a) Protection in an ant-plant mutualism: an adaptation or a sensory trap? Animal Behaviour 74: 377-385.

17.　 Edwards, D.P. & Yu, D.W. (2007b) The roles of sensory traps in the origin, maintenance, and breakdown of mutualism. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 61:1321-1327.

18.　 Debout, G. D. G., Ventelon-Debout, G., Emerson, B. C. & Yu, D. W. (2007) PCR primers for polymorphic microsatellite loci in the plant-ant Azteca ulei var. cordiae (Formicidae: Dolichoderinae). Molecular Ecology Notes 7: 607-609.

19.　 da Silva, M.N., Shepard Jr., G.H., Yu, D.W. (2005, appeared in 2007) Conservation implications of primate hunting practices among the Matsigenka of Manu National Park. Neotropical Primates 13(2): 31-36. 

20. Debout, G. D. G., Pereyra, R., Emerson, B. C. & Yu, D. W. (2006) Characterisation of polymorphic microsatellites in the castration parasite plant-ant Allomerus octoarticulatus cf. demerarae (Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Molecular Ecology Notes 6: 182-184. 

21.　 Edwards, D.P., Arauco, R., Hassall, M., Sutherland, W.J., Yu, D.W. (2006) Assembling a mutualism: ant symbionts locate their host plants by detecting volatile chemicals. Insectes Sociaux 53: 172-176.

22. Ridley, J, DW Yu and WJ Sutherland (2005). Why long-lived species are more likely to be social: the role of local dominance. Behavioral Ecology 16: 358-363.

23. Shepard, G.H., D.W. Yu, B. Nelson, M. Lizarralde & M. Italiano. (2004) Ethnobotanical Ground-Truthing and Forest Diversity in the Western Amazon. In Ethnobotany and conservation of biocultural diversity (eds. L. Maffi, T. Carlson and E. López-Zent). New York: New York Botanical Gardens (Advances in Economic Botany).

2004年之前发表的文章

24. Peres, C.A., Baider, C., Zuidema, P.A., Wadt, L.H.O., Kainer, K.A., Gomes-Silva, D.A.P., Salomão, R.P., Simões, L.L., Franciosi, E.R.N., Cornejo, F., Gribel, R., Shepard, G.H., Kanashiro, M., Coventry, P., Yu, D.W., Watkinson, A.R., & Freckleton, R.P. (2003) Demographic threats to the sustainability of Brazil nut exploitation. Science, 302, 2112-2114.

25. Yu, D.W., W. J. Sutherland, and C. Clark. 2002. Trade versus environment. TREE 17:341-344.

26. Yu, D. W., and J. Ridley. (2003) Geopolitics in a buttercup. TREE 18:163-165.

27. Shepard Jr., G. H., & D. W. Yu. (2001) Verificación etnobotánica de imágenes de satélite: La intersección de conocimientos tradicionales y cientifícos. Debate Agrario 33: 19-24.

28. Yu, D. W., H. B. Wilson, N. E. Pierce. (2001) An empirical model of species coexistence in a spatially structured environment. Ecology 82: 1761–1771.. 

29. Yu, D. W. & H. B. Wilson. (2001) The competition-colonization tradeoff is dead. Long live the competition-colonization tradeoff American Naturalist, 158: 49–63.

30. Yu, D. W. (2001) Parasites of mutualisms. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 72: 529–546.

31.　 Shepard Jr., G., D. W. Yu, M. Lizarralde, and M. Italiano. (2001) Rain forest habitat classification among the Matsigenka of the Peruvian Amazon. Journal of Ethnobiology 21: 1-38. 

32. Weiblen, G. D., D. W. Yu, and S. A. West. (2001) Pollination and parasitism in functionally dioecious figs. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 268: 651-659.

33. Plotkin, J.B., M.D. Potts, D.W. Yu, S. Bunyvejchewin, R. Condit, R. Foster, S. Hubbell, J. LaFrankie, N. Manokaran, L.H. Seng, R. Sukumar, M.A. Nowak & P.S. Ashton. (2000) Predicting species diversity in tropical forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 97: 10850-10854. (该文章是Science上Perspective 里的一个标题。(http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/290/5499/2084))

34. Yu, D.W. & G.H. Shepard. (1999) The mystery of female beauty: Reply. Nature 399: 216. 

35. Yu, D.W. & G.H. Shepard. (1998) Is beauty in the eye of the beholder? Nature 396: 321-322. 

36. Yu, D.W., J.W. Terborgh & M.D. Potts. (1998) Can high tree species richness be explained by Hubbell's null model? Ecology Letters 1: 193-199. 

37. Yu, D. W., and N. E. Pierce. (1998) A castration parasite of an ant-plant mutualism. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 265: 375-382. (该文章是Nature上News and Views 中的一个标题。(http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v392/n6673/full/392229a0.html))

38. Shea, K., Amarasekare, P., Kareiva, P., Mangel, M., Moore, J., Murdoch, W. W., Noonburg, E., Parma, A. M., Pascual, M. A., Possingham, H. P., Wilcox, C. & Yu, D., Management of populations in conservation, harvesting and control. TREE 13, 371-374 (1998).

39. Parma, A. M., Amarasekare, P., Mangel, M., Moore, J., Murdoch, W. W., Noonburg, E., Pascual, M. A., Possingham, H. P., Shea, K., Wilcox, C. & Yu, D. (1998) What can adaptive management do for our fish, forests, food, and biodiversity? Integrative Biology 1: 6-26.

40.Yu, D. W. & D. Quicke. (1997) Compsobraconoides (Braconidae: Braconinae), the first Hymenopteran ectoparasitoid of adult Azteca ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 6: 419-421

41. Yu, D. W., T. Hendrickson & A. Castillo. (1997) Ecotourism in Peru: short-term and long-term challenges. Environmental Conservation 24: 130-138. 

42. Yu, D.W. & D. W. Davidson. (1997)  Experimental studies of species-specificity in Cecropia-ant relationships. Ecological Monographs 67: 273-294. 

43. Terborgh, J. W., L. Lopez, J. Tello, D. W. Yu & A. R. Bruni. (1997) Transitory states in relaxing ecosystems of land-bridge islands. Pp. 256-274 in Tropical Forest Remnants: Ecology, Management, and Conservation of Fragmented Communities. (W. F. Laurance and R. O. Bierregaard, Jr., Eds., University of Chicago Press, Chicago). 

44.Yu, D. W. (1995) New factor in free trade: Reply to Jenkins. Conservation Biology 10: 303-304.

45. Yu, D. W.  (1994) Free trade is green. Protectionism is not. Conservation Biology 8: 989-996.

46. Yu, D. W.  (1994) The structural role of epiphytes in ant gardens. Biotropica 26: 222-226. 

Postdocs

2004-2007: Glenn Shepard

2004-2007: Julia Ohl

2004-2006: Gabriel Debout

2005-2008: Derek Dunn

2007-2008: Jo Ridley

Ph.D.

2001-2005: David Edwards

2005-present: Chris Kirkby

2008-present: Joerg Barke

2009-present: Wang Hui

2009- present: Liu Chuang

2010-present: Catharine Powell

M.Sc. by research

2007-2009: Renzo Giudice